Retraction Policy

The editorial office adheres to international standards of publication ethics and applies retraction procedures in cases of serious violations that affect the reliability or integrity of published research.

Retraction may be initiated in cases such as plagiarism or self-plagiarism, data fabrication or falsification, significant errors affecting results or conclusions, duplicate publication, copyright infringement, or other breaches of academic integrity.

The procedure may be initiated by the editorial office, authors, reviewers, or other interested parties. In each case, the editorial office conducts an assessment, reviews the available evidence, and, if necessary, involves independent experts. Authors are given the opportunity to provide explanations. All cases are handled in accordance with the principles of objectivity, impartiality, and confidentiality.

Based on the results of the review, the editorial office may decide to leave the article unchanged, publish corrections, or retract the article.

In the event of retraction, a notice explaining the reasons will be published on the article’s page. The article will remain accessible but will be clearly marked as retracted, with its bibliographic information and DOI preserved. Relevant databases and indexing services will be notified.

Retraction procedures are carried out as promptly as possible after confirmation of the grounds.

Authors have the right to appeal the decision, and such appeals are considered by the Editorial Board or an independent committee.